Why are high concentration acids or bases not used in titrations?

Basically titrations are done to either find the unknown concentration of an acid or a base.When using a high concentrated acid or alkali (base) the volume of the base or acid whose concentation we will have to find would become very low. It means that you would only use a little volume of high concentarted acid or base to titrated with a large volume of  low concentartion acid or alkali an this will result in calculation errors , because the degree of measurements will not be very large and hence the final calculation is affected.

There is still another reason for his and I want you to think of it and put it in the comment and if it is right I will reply back congratualating your knowledge and if it id wron I will tell you why it is wrong.

Chemistry notes:Rocks and formation of earth ,earth quake and volcanoes

1.Origin of the universe in the big bang.

2. Nuclear Fusion And the Elements’ formation

3.The formation of our solar system.

4.The structure of the earth.

5.Earthquakes and volcanoes.

6.Plate movements.

7.The rock cycle.

8.Erosion and the formation of soil.

    Origin of the universe in the big bang.

Here the Big bang is listed in a story format, read further to get full details.

  High energy emissions from Crab Nebula.

    

     3d Map of dark matter                                                                                    

        

    Life and all science 

     The birth of the galaxies

       It all began with the Big bang

Ø The Big Bang was the very beginning of our Universe, and it probably happened about 13.73 billion years ago.

Ø Nobody knows what was there before the Big Bang. Time started just after the big bang.

Ø When the Big Bang happened, it let loose a huge amount of energy into a small Universe.

Ø The Universe immediately started to get bigger and bigger and making more space (and it is still getting bigger today).

Ø  Inside the Universe, the energy (in the form of photons (light) and bosons) went zipping around like crazy all over the place.

Ø These super-energetic photons and bosons sometimes broke up into smaller particles.

Ø The photons broke down into an electron and a positron (like the opposite of an electron).

Ø  The bosons broke down into a proton and an anti-proton, or neutrons and anti-neutrons.

Ø Then they would lose energy and eventually glue themselves back together into protons and bosons again.

Ø But at some point, some of the positrons and anti-protons (the anti-matter) seem to have got lost somewhere, leaving a bunch of lonely electrons and protons with no matches. These electrons and protons got together with each other, forming the first hydrogen atoms. Once there were clouds of these hydrogen atoms floating around together, they formed nebulas, which soon developed into the first stars.

    Nuclear fusion and the elements’ formation

Nuclear fusion in stars is one of the most important reasons which make life on Earth possible!

65% of your body is made up of Oxygen and 18% is Carbon.

v They are created through nuclear fusion in stars!

v  All that we are made of was cooked in the belly of a star, millions of years ago!

v  Nuclear fusion in stars is the art of creating newer and heavier atoms by fusing smaller nuclei together!

v Matter can be converted into energy and energy back into matter.

v Thus energy and its other form, matter, keep molding themselves into more and more complex forms to create beings like us.

v Stars create new elements like Helium, Carbon, Oxygen, and Silicon and so on! We’ll see how

      The structure of the earth

The structure of the Earth

The outer shell of the Earth is called the CRUST      (breadcrumbs) The next layer is called the MANTLE     The next layer is the liquid OUTER CORE     The middle bit is called the solid INNER CORE

	The Earth is sphere with a diameter of about 12,700Kilometres. As we go deeper and deeper into the earth the temperature and pressure rises.  The core temperature is believed to be an incredible 5000-6000°c.
	The crust is very thin (average 20Km). The thinnest parts are under the oceans (OCEANIC CRUST) and go to a depth of roughly 10 kilometers. The thickest parts are the continents (CONTINENTAL CRUST) which extend down to 35 kilometers on average
	The mantle is the layer beneath the crust which extends about half way to the centre.  It's made of solid rock and behaves like an extremely - viscous liquid –
	The outer core is the layer beneath the mantle. It is made of liquid iron and nickel.
	The inner core is the bit in the middle! It is made of solid iron and nickel and has massive pressure.

                       EARTH STRUCTURE 

 Inner core

The inner core is made of solid iron and nickel.

Outer core

The outer core is a hot, electrically conducting liquid (mainly Iron and Nickel).

This layer is not as dense as pure molten iron

Scientists suspect that about 10% of the layer is composed of sulphur and oxygen because these elements are abundant in the cosmos and dissolve readily in molten iron.

Lower mantle The lower mantle is composed of silicon, magnesium, and oxygen. It also contains some iron, calcium, and aluminium.

Upper mantle Solid fragments of the upper mantle have been found in eroded mountain belts and volcanic eruptions. Olivine (Mg,Fe)2SiO4 and pyroxene (Mg,Fe)SiO3 have been found. Part of the upper mantle called the asthenosphere might be partially molten.

Oceanic crust The majority of the Earth's crust was made through volcanic activity. The oceanic ridge system, a 40,000 kilometre network of volcanoes, generates new oceanic crust at the rate of 17 km3 per year, covering the ocean floor with an igneous rock called basalt. Hawaii and Iceland are two examples of the accumulation of basalt islands.

Continental crust This is the outer part of the Earth composed of crystalline rocks. These are low-density buoyant minerals dominated mostly by quartz (SiO2) and feldspars (metal-poor silicates).

                     

The rock cycle

The rock cycle is a repeating process that causes various types of rocks to form and decay. While the cycles for some types of rocks follow a specific path, not all types of rocks follow the same cycle.

1.   Sedimentary Rocks

o    Sedimentary rocks are formed from sediments such as sand, silt and clay. Evaporite deposits, such as rock salt and rock gypsum, are types of sedimentary rocks.

Sedimentary Processes

o    The sedimentary process begins with igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic rocks weathering and eroding. The loose particles then collect in a specific area. Over time, the particles build up, forming layers and compacting the layers of particles resting beneath them. Eventually, the sediments are cemented together by the pressure, forming sedimentary rocks.

Igneous Rocks

o    Igneous rocks form from the solidification of lava or magma. If it forms intrusively, or within the earth, the rock will have large crystals. Granite is an example of such a coarse-grained igneous rock. If the rock forms extrusively, or on the earth's surface, it will have fine-grained crystals. Obsidian is an example of a fine-grained igneous rock.

Igneous Processes

o    Igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic rocks are subducted, or pushed down, into the earth where the tectonic plates converge. As a result, the crust melts in the upper mantle and becomes magma. Over time, the magma will either cool and solidify as it rises toward the surface or be ejected from volcanic fissures in an eruption and then cool. Igneous rocks are what is formed by that cooling.

Metamorphic Rocks

o    Metamorphic rocks are rocks where the crystalline structure of the rock has changed to form a new type of rock. For example, marble is metamorphosed limestone.

Metamorphic Processes

o    In metamorphism, igneous, sedimentary or other metamorphic rocks are subjected to high temperatures or pressure, which prompts them to recrystallize. The high-pressure exposure could develop from mountain building processes in which two tectonic plates are crashing into each other. The high-temperature exposure could result from a partial subduction of the material that does not lead to melting or from the rock coming in contact with super-heated material seeping through rock fractures. In both cases, the outside forces are not enough to fully melt the rock, but they are enough to recrystallize it.

Rock cycle simplified diagram

 

Erosion and the formation of soil

FUNCTIONS OF SOIL

       1.   A habitat for several plants and animals

       2.   A storage bank for water and nutrients

       3.   Foundation of the world's food chain

       4.   Provides an anchor for plants

SOIL FORMING FACTORS

1.        Parent Material: 

the underlying bedrock over which  a soil develops.

Soils forms from a variety of parent

         materials such as:

       a)Till     

       b) Alluvial soils 

       c) Loess soils 

2.        Climate: 

Water & Temperature help break up rocks.

3.        Biological (Organisms): 

    The activities of bacteria, people earthworm  and roots of plants.

    4.  Topography (relief of the land):

    5.  Time: (Soil takes a long time to develop and mature)

  

AGENTS OF SOIL EROSION:

1.        Running Water,  

2.        Wind, and  

3.        Glacier (Ice)

HUMAN CAUSES OF EROSION

       1.  Over cultivation by farmers,

       2.  Overgrazing by herds of cattle, sheep etc,   

       3.  Deforestation by local groups

4.       Irrigation by farmers

5.       Urbanization              

EROSION CONTROL PRACTICES

       1.  Contour ploughing along sloping grounds

       2.  Strip Cropping across slopes

       3.  Terracing along slopes

       4.  Damming of Gullies

 6.      Removing cropland from production to allow soil

renew itself.

 7.       Creating windbreaks to reduce wind speed and erosion.